Vanara/PInvoke/Kernel32/HeapApi.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Security;
using Vanara.Extensions;
using Vanara.InteropServices;

namespace Vanara.PInvoke
{
	public static partial class Kernel32
	{
		/// <summary>The current version to be used by <see cref="HEAP_OPTIMIZE_RESOURCES_INFORMATION.Version"/></summary>
		public const uint HEAP_OPTIMIZE_RESOURCES_CURRENT_VERSION = 1;

		/// <summary>Specifies the class of heap information to be set or retrieved.</summary>
		// typedef enum _HEAP_INFORMATION_CLASS { HeapCompatibilityInformation = 0, HeapEnableTerminationOnCorruption = 1}
		// HEAP_INFORMATION_CLASS; https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dn280633(v=vs.85).aspx
		[PInvokeData("WinNT.h", MSDNShortId = "dn280633")]
		public enum HEAP_INFORMATION_CLASS
		{
			/// <summary>
			/// <para>
			/// The heap features that are enabled. The available features vary based on operating system. Depending on the HeapInformation
			/// parameter in the <c>HeapQueryInformation</c> or <c>HeapSetInformation</c> functions, specifying this enumeration value can
			/// indicate one of the following features:
			/// </para>
			/// <para>For more information about look-aside lists, see the Remarks section.</para>
			/// </summary>
			[CorrespondingType(typeof(HeapCompatibility))]
			HeapCompatibilityInformation = 0,

			/// <summary>
			/// <para>
			/// The terminate-on-corruption feature. If the heap manager detects an error in any heap used by the process, it calls the
			/// Windows Error Reporting service and terminates the process.
			/// </para>
			/// <para>After a process enables this feature, it cannot be disabled.</para>
			/// </summary>
			HeapEnableTerminationOnCorruption = 1,

			/// <summary>
			/// If HeapSetInformation is called with HeapHandle set to NULL, then all heaps in the process with a low-fragmentation heap
			/// (LFH) will have their caches optimized, and the memory will be decommitted if possible.
			/// <para>If a heap pointer is supplied in HeapHandle, then only that heap will be optimized.</para>
			/// <para>Note that the HEAP_OPTIMIZE_RESOURCES_INFORMATION structure passed in HeapInformation must be properly initialized.</para>
			/// <para>Note This value was added in Windows 8.1.</para>
			/// </summary>
			[CorrespondingType(typeof(HEAP_OPTIMIZE_RESOURCES_INFORMATION))]
			HeapOptimizeResources = 3
		}

		/// <summary>Values for Query/SetHeapInformation. Use with HeapCompatibilityInformation.</summary>
		public enum HeapCompatibility : uint
		{
			/// <summary>A standard heap.</summary>
			HEAP_STANDARD = 0,

			/// <summary>The heap supports look-aside lists.</summary>
			HEAP_LAL = 1,

			/// <summary>A low-fragmentation heap.</summary>
			HEAP_LFH = 2
		}

		/// <summary>Flags for Head functions</summary>
		[PInvokeData("HeapApi.h")]
		[Flags]
		public enum HeapFlags
		{
			/// <summary>
			/// Serialized access will not be used for this allocation. For more information, see Remarks.
			/// <para>
			/// To ensure that serialized access is disabled for all calls to this function, specify HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE in the call to
			/// HeapCreate. In this case, it is not necessary to additionally specify HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE in this function call.
			/// </para>
			/// <para>
			/// This value should not be specified when accessing the process's default heap. The system may create additional threads within
			/// the application's process, such as a CTRL+C handler, that simultaneously access the process's default heap.
			/// </para>
			/// </summary>
			HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE = 0x00000001,

			HEAP_GROWABLE = 0x00000002,

			/// <summary>
			/// The system will raise an exception to indicate a function failure, such as an out-of-memory condition, instead of returning NULL.
			/// <para>
			/// To ensure that exceptions are generated for all calls to this function, specify HEAP_GENERATE_EXCEPTIONS in the call to
			/// HeapCreate. In this case, it is not necessary to additionally specify HEAP_GENERATE_EXCEPTIONS in this function call.
			/// </para>
			/// </summary>
			HEAP_GENERATE_EXCEPTIONS = 0x00000004,

			/// <summary>The allocated memory will be initialized to zero. Otherwise, the memory is not initialized to zero.</summary>
			HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY = 0x00000008,

			/// <summary>
			/// There can be no movement when reallocating a memory block. If this value is not specified, the function may move the block to
			/// a new location. If this value is specified and the block cannot be resized without moving, the function fails, leaving the
			/// original memory block unchanged.
			/// </summary>
			HEAP_REALLOC_IN_PLACE_ONLY = 0x00000010,

			HEAP_TAIL_CHECKING_ENABLED = 0x00000020,
			HEAP_FREE_CHECKING_ENABLED = 0x00000040,
			HEAP_DISABLE_COALESCE_ON_FREE = 0x00000080,
			HEAP_CREATE_ALIGN_16 = 0x00010000,
			HEAP_CREATE_ENABLE_TRACING = 0x00020000,

			/// <summary>
			/// All memory blocks that are allocated from this heap allow code execution, if the hardware enforces data execution prevention.
			/// Use this flag heap in applications that run code from the heap. If HEAP_CREATE_ENABLE_EXECUTE is not specified and an
			/// application attempts to run code from a protected page, the application receives an exception with the status code STATUS_ACCESS_VIOLATION.
			/// </summary>
			HEAP_CREATE_ENABLE_EXECUTE = 0x00040000,

			HEAP_MAXIMUM_TAG = 0x0FFF,
			HEAP_PSEUDO_TAG_FLAG = 0x8000,
			HEAP_TAG_SHIFT = 18,
			HEAP_CREATE_SEGMENT_HEAP = 0x00000100,
			HEAP_CREATE_HARDENED = 0x00000200,
		}

		/// <summary>The properties of the heap element.</summary>
		[Flags]
		public enum PROCESS_HEAP : ushort
		{
			/// <summary>
			/// The heap element is located at the beginning of a region of contiguous virtual memory in use by the heap.The lpData member of
			/// the structure points to the first virtual address used by the region; the cbData member specifies the total size, in bytes,
			/// of the address space that is reserved for this region; and the cbOverhead member specifies the size, in bytes, of the heap
			/// control structures that describe the region.The Region structure becomes valid. The dwCommittedSize, dwUnCommittedSize,
			/// lpFirstBlock, and lpLastBlock members of the structure contain additional information about the region.
			/// </summary>
			PROCESS_HEAP_REGION = 1,

			/// <summary>
			/// The heap element is located in a range of uncommitted memory within the heap region.The lpData member points to the beginning
			/// of the range of uncommitted memory; the cbData member specifies the size, in bytes, of the range of uncommitted memory; and
			/// the cbOverhead member specifies the size, in bytes, of the control structures that describe this uncommitted range.
			/// </summary>
			PROCESS_HEAP_UNCOMMITTED_RANGE = 2,

			/// <summary>
			/// The heap element is an allocated block.If PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY_MOVEABLE is also specified, the Block structure becomes valid.
			/// The hMem member of the Block structure contains a handle to the allocated, moveable memory block.
			/// </summary>
			PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY_BUSY = 4,

			/// <summary>
			/// This value must be used with PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY_BUSY, indicating that the heap element is an allocated block.The block was
			/// allocated with LMEM_MOVEABLE or GMEM_MOVEABLE, and the Block structure becomes valid. The hMem member of the Block structure
			/// contains a handle to the allocated, moveable memory block.
			/// </summary>
			PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY_MOVEABLE = 16,

			/// <summary>This value must be used with PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY_BUSY, indicating that the heap element is an allocated block.</summary>
			PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY_DDESHARE = 32,
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// <para>
		/// Retrieves a handle to the default heap of the calling process. This handle can then be used in subsequent calls to the heap functions.
		/// </para>
		/// </summary>
		/// <returns>
		/// <para>If the function succeeds, the return value is a handle to the calling process's heap.</para>
		/// <para>If the function fails, the return value is <c>NULL</c>. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.</para>
		/// </returns>
		/// <remarks>
		/// <para>
		/// The <c>GetProcessHeap</c> function obtains a handle to the default heap for the calling process. A process can use this handle to
		/// allocate memory from the process heap without having to first create a private heap using the HeapCreate function.
		/// </para>
		/// <para>
		/// <c>Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP:</c> To enable the low-fragmentation heap for the default heap of the process, call the
		/// HeapSetInformation function with the handle returned by <c>GetProcessHeap</c>.
		/// </para>
		/// <para>Examples</para>
		/// <para>For an example, see Getting Process Heaps.</para>
		/// </remarks>
		// https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/api/heapapi/nf-heapapi-getprocessheap HANDLE GetProcessHeap( );
		[DllImport(Lib.Kernel32, SetLastError = true, ExactSpelling = true)]
		[PInvokeData("heapapi.h", MSDNShortId = "ecd716b2-df48-4914-9de4-47d8ad8ff9a2")]
		// public static extern IntPtr GetProcessHeap();
		public static extern HHEAP GetProcessHeap();

		/// <summary>Returns the number of active heaps and retrieves handles to all of the active heaps for the calling process.</summary>
		/// <param name="NumberOfHeaps">The maximum number of heap handles that can be stored into the buffer pointed to by ProcessHeaps.</param>
		/// <param name="ProcessHeaps">A pointer to a buffer that receives an array of heap handles.</param>
		/// <returns>
		/// <para>The return value is the number of handles to heaps that are active for the calling process.</para>
		/// <para>
		/// If the return value is less than or equal to NumberOfHeaps, the function has stored that number of heap handles in the buffer
		/// pointed to by ProcessHeaps.
		/// </para>
		/// <para>
		/// If the return value is greater than NumberOfHeaps, the buffer pointed to by ProcessHeaps is too small to hold all the heap
		/// handles for the calling process, and the function stores NumberOfHeaps handles in the buffer. Use the return value to allocate a
		/// buffer that is large enough to receive all of the handles, and call the function again.
		/// </para>
		/// <para>
		/// If the return value is zero, the function has failed because every process has at least one active heap, the default heap for the
		/// process. To get extended error information, call <c>GetLastError</c>.
		/// </para>
		/// </returns>
		// DWORD WINAPI GetProcessHeaps( _In_ DWORD NumberOfHeaps, _Out_ PHANDLE ProcessHeaps); https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa366571(v=vs.85).aspx
		[DllImport(Lib.Kernel32, SetLastError = true, ExactSpelling = true)]
		[PInvokeData("HeapApi.h", MSDNShortId = "aa366571")]
		public static extern uint GetProcessHeaps([Optional] uint NumberOfHeaps, [Optional, MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPArray, SizeParamIndex = 0)] HHEAP[] ProcessHeaps);

		/// <summary>Allocates a block of memory from a heap. The allocated memory is not movable.</summary>
		/// <param name="hHeap">
		/// A handle to the heap from which the memory will be allocated. This handle is returned by the HeapCreate or GetProcessHeap function.
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="dwFlags">
		/// The heap allocation options. Specifying any of these values will override the corresponding value specified when the heap was
		/// created with HeapCreate. This parameter can be one or more of the following values: HEAP_GENERATE_EXCEPTIONS, HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE
		/// and HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY.
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="dwBytes">
		/// The number of bytes to be allocated. If the heap specified by the hHeap parameter is a "non-growable" heap, dwBytes must be less
		/// than 0x7FFF8. You create a non-growable heap by calling the HeapCreate function with a nonzero value.
		/// </param>
		/// <returns>
		/// If the function succeeds, the return value is a pointer to the allocated memory block.
		/// <para>If the function fails and you have not specified HEAP_GENERATE_EXCEPTIONS, the return value is NULL.</para>
		/// <para>
		/// If the function fails and you have specified HEAP_GENERATE_EXCEPTIONS, the function may generate either of the exceptions listed
		/// in the following table. The particular exception depends upon the nature of the heap corruption. For more information, see GetExceptionCode.
		/// </para>
		/// </returns>
		[PInvokeData("HeapApi.h", MSDNShortId = "aa366597")]
		[DllImport(Lib.Kernel32, ExactSpelling = true)]
		public static extern SafeHeapBlock HeapAlloc(HHEAP hHeap, HeapFlags dwFlags, SizeT dwBytes);

		[DllImport(Lib.Kernel32, EntryPoint = "HeapAlloc")]
		public static extern IntPtr HeapAllocInternal(HHEAP hHeap, HeapFlags dwFlags, SizeT dwBytes);

		/// <summary>
		/// Returns the size of the largest committed free block in the specified heap. If the Disable heap coalesce on free global flag is
		/// set, this function also coalesces adjacent free blocks of memory in the heap.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="hHeap">
		/// A handle to the heap. This handle is returned by either the <c>HeapCreate</c> or <c>GetProcessHeap</c> function.
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="dwFlags">
		/// <para>The heap access options. This parameter can be the following value.</para>
		/// <para>
		/// <list type="table">
		/// <listheader>
		/// <term>Value</term>
		/// <term>Meaning</term>
		/// </listheader>
		/// <item>
		/// <term>HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE0x00000001</term>
		/// <term>
		/// Serialized access will not be used. For more information, see Remarks.To ensure that serialized access is disabled for all calls
		/// to this function, specify HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE in the call to HeapCreate. In this case, it is not necessary to additionally specify
		/// HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE in this function call.Do not specify this value when accessing the process heap. The system may create
		/// additional threads within the application's process, such as a CTRL+C handler, that simultaneously access the process heap.
		/// </term>
		/// </item>
		/// </list>
		/// </para>
		/// </param>
		/// <returns>
		/// <para>If the function succeeds, the return value is the size of the largest committed free block in the heap, in bytes.</para>
		/// <para>If the function fails, the return value is zero. To get extended error information, call <c>GetLastError</c>.</para>
		/// <para>
		/// In the unlikely case that there is absolutely no space available in the heap, the function return value is zero, and
		/// <c>GetLastError</c> returns the value NO_ERROR.
		/// </para>
		/// </returns>
		// SIZE_T WINAPI HeapCompact( _In_ HANDLE hHeap, _In_ DWORD dwFlags);// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa366598(v=vs.85).aspx
		[DllImport(Lib.Kernel32, SetLastError = true, ExactSpelling = true)]
		[PInvokeData("HeapApi.h", MSDNShortId = "aa366598")]
		public static extern SizeT HeapCompact([In] HHEAP hHeap, HeapFlags dwFlags);

		/// <summary>
		/// Creates a private heap object that can be used by the calling process. The function reserves space in the virtual address space
		/// of the process and allocates physical storage for a specified initial portion of this block.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="flOptions">
		/// The heap allocation options. These options affect subsequent access to the new heap through calls to the heap functions. This
		/// parameter can be 0 or one or more of the following values: HEAP_CREATE_ENABLE_EXECUTE, HEAP_GENERATE_EXCEPTIONS, HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE.
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="dwInitialSize">
		/// The initial size of the heap, in bytes. This value determines the initial amount of memory that is committed for the heap. The
		/// value is rounded up to a multiple of the system page size. The value must be smaller than dwMaximumSize.
		/// <para>
		/// If this parameter is 0, the function commits one page. To determine the size of a page on the host computer, use the
		/// GetSystemInfo function.
		/// </para>
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="dwMaximumSize">
		/// The maximum size of the heap, in bytes. The HeapCreate function rounds dwMaximumSize up to a multiple of the system page size and
		/// then reserves a block of that size in the process's virtual address space for the heap. If allocation requests made by the
		/// HeapAlloc or HeapReAlloc functions exceed the size specified by dwInitialSize, the system commits additional pages of memory for
		/// the heap, up to the heap's maximum size.
		/// <para>
		/// If dwMaximumSize is not zero, the heap size is fixed and cannot grow beyond the maximum size. Also, the largest memory block that
		/// can be allocated from the heap is slightly less than 512 KB for a 32-bit process and slightly less than 1,024 KB for a 64-bit
		/// process. Requests to allocate larger blocks fail, even if the maximum size of the heap is large enough to contain the block.
		/// </para>
		/// <para>
		/// If dwMaximumSize is 0, the heap can grow in size. The heap's size is limited only by the available memory. Requests to allocate
		/// memory blocks larger than the limit for a fixed-size heap do not automatically fail; instead, the system calls the VirtualAlloc
		/// function to obtain the memory that is needed for large blocks. Applications that need to allocate large memory blocks should set
		/// dwMaximumSize to 0.
		/// </para>
		/// </param>
		/// <returns>
		/// If the function succeeds, the return value is a handle to the newly created heap. If the function fails, the return value is
		/// NULL. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.
		/// </returns>
		[PInvokeData("HeapApi.h", MSDNShortId = "aa366599")]
		[DllImport(Lib.Kernel32, ExactSpelling = true, SetLastError = true)]
		public static extern SafeHHEAP HeapCreate(HeapFlags flOptions, SizeT dwInitialSize, SizeT dwMaximumSize);

		/// <summary>
		/// Destroys the specified heap object. It decommits and releases all the pages of a private heap object, and it invalidates the
		/// handle to the heap.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="hHeap">
		/// A handle to the heap to be destroyed. This handle is returned by the HeapCreate function. Do not use the handle to the process
		/// heap returned by the GetProcessHeap function.
		/// </param>
		/// <returns>
		/// If the function succeeds, the return value is nonzero. If the function fails, the return value is zero. To get extended error
		/// information, call GetLastError.
		/// </returns>
		[PInvokeData("HeapApi.h", MSDNShortId = "aa366700")]
		[DllImport(Lib.Kernel32, ExactSpelling = true, SetLastError = true)]
		[return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
		public static extern bool HeapDestroy(HHEAP hHeap);

		/// <summary>Frees a memory block allocated from a heap by the HeapAlloc or HeapReAlloc function.</summary>
		/// <param name="hHeap">
		/// A handle to the heap whose memory block is to be freed. This handle is returned by either the HeapCreate or GetProcessHeap function.
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="dwFlags">
		/// The heap free options. Specifying the following value overrides the corresponding value specified in the flOptions parameter when
		/// the heap was created by using the HeapCreate function: HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="lpMem">
		/// A pointer to the memory block to be freed. This pointer is returned by the HeapAlloc or HeapReAlloc function. If this pointer is
		/// NULL, the behavior is undefined.
		/// </param>
		/// <returns>
		/// If the function succeeds, the return value is nonzero. If the function fails, the return value is zero.An application can call
		/// GetLastError for extended error information.
		/// </returns>
		[PInvokeData("HeapApi.h", MSDNShortId = "aa366701")]
		[DllImport(Lib.Kernel32, ExactSpelling = true, SetLastError = true)]
		[return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
		public static extern bool HeapFree(HHEAP hHeap, HeapFlags dwFlags, IntPtr lpMem);

		/// <summary>Attempts to acquire the critical section object, or lock, that is associated with a specified heap.</summary>
		/// <param name="hHeap">
		/// A handle to the heap to be locked. This handle is returned by either the <c>HeapCreate</c> or <c>GetProcessHeap</c> function.
		/// </param>
		/// <returns>
		/// <para>If the function succeeds, the return value is nonzero.</para>
		/// <para>If the function fails, the return value is zero. To get extended error information, call <c>GetLastError</c>.</para>
		/// </returns>
		// BOOL WINAPI HeapLock( _In_ HANDLE hHeap);// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa366702(v=vs.85).aspx
		[DllImport(Lib.Kernel32, SetLastError = true, ExactSpelling = true)]
		[PInvokeData("HeapApi.h", MSDNShortId = "aa366702")]
		[return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
		public static extern bool HeapLock([In] HHEAP hHeap);

		/// <summary>Retrieves information about the specified heap.</summary>
		/// <param name="HeapHandle">
		/// A handle to the heap whose information is to be retrieved. This handle is returned by either the <c>HeapCreate</c> or
		/// <c>GetProcessHeap</c> function.
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="HeapInformationClass">
		/// <para>
		/// The class of information to be retrieved. This parameter can be the following value from the <c>HEAP_INFORMATION_CLASS</c>
		/// enumeration type.
		/// </para>
		/// <para>
		/// <list type="table">
		/// <listheader>
		/// <term>Value</term>
		/// <term>Meaning</term>
		/// </listheader>
		/// <item>
		/// <term>HeapCompatibilityInformation0</term>
		/// <term>
		/// Indicates the heap features that are enabled. The HeapInformation parameter is a pointer to a ULONG variable.If HeapInformation
		/// is 0, the heap is a standard heap that does not support look-aside lists.If HeapInformation is 1, the heap supports look-aside
		/// lists. For more information, see Remarks.If HeapInformation is 2, the low-fragmentation heap (LFH) has been enabled for the heap.
		/// Enabling the LFH disables look-aside lists.
		/// </term>
		/// </item>
		/// </list>
		/// </para>
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="HeapInformation">
		/// A pointer to a buffer that receives the heap information. The format of this data depends on the value of the
		/// HeapInformationClass parameter.
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="HeapInformationLength">The size of the heap information being queried, in bytes.</param>
		/// <param name="ReturnLength">
		/// <para>
		/// A pointer to a variable that receives the length of data written to the HeapInformation buffer. If the buffer is too small, the
		/// function fails and ReturnLength specifies the minimum size required for the buffer.
		/// </para>
		/// <para>If you do not want to receive this information, specify <c>NULL</c>.</para>
		/// </param>
		/// <returns>
		/// <para>If the function succeeds, the return value is nonzero.</para>
		/// <para>If the function fails, the return value is zero. To get extended error information, call <c>GetLastError</c>.</para>
		/// </returns>
		// BOOL WINAPI HeapQueryInformation( _In_opt_ HANDLE HeapHandle, _In_ HEAP_INFORMATION_CLASS HeapInformationClass, _Out_ PVOID
		// HeapInformation, _In_ SIZE_T HeapInformationLength, _Out_opt_ PSIZE_T ReturnLength);// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa366703(v=vs.85).aspx
		[DllImport(Lib.Kernel32, SetLastError = true, ExactSpelling = true)]
		[PInvokeData("HeapApi.h", MSDNShortId = "aa366703")]
		[return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
		public static extern bool HeapQueryInformation([In] HHEAP HeapHandle, HEAP_INFORMATION_CLASS HeapInformationClass, IntPtr HeapInformation, SizeT HeapInformationLength, out SizeT ReturnLength);

		/// <summary>Retrieves information about the specified heap.</summary>
		/// <param name="HeapHandle">
		/// A handle to the heap whose information is to be retrieved. This handle is returned by either the <c>HeapCreate</c> or
		/// <c>GetProcessHeap</c> function.
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="HeapInformationClass">
		/// <para>
		/// The class of information to be retrieved. This parameter can be the following value from the <c>HEAP_INFORMATION_CLASS</c>
		/// enumeration type.
		/// </para>
		/// <para>
		/// <list type="table">
		/// <listheader>
		/// <term>Value</term>
		/// <term>Meaning</term>
		/// </listheader>
		/// <item>
		/// <term>HeapCompatibilityInformation0</term>
		/// <term>
		/// Indicates the heap features that are enabled. The HeapInformation parameter is a pointer to a ULONG variable.If HeapInformation
		/// is 0, the heap is a standard heap that does not support look-aside lists.If HeapInformation is 1, the heap supports look-aside
		/// lists. For more information, see Remarks.If HeapInformation is 2, the low-fragmentation heap (LFH) has been enabled for the heap.
		/// Enabling the LFH disables look-aside lists.
		/// </term>
		/// </item>
		/// </list>
		/// </para>
		/// </param>
		/// <returns>The heap information. The format of this data depends on the value of the HeapInformationClass parameter.</returns>
		public static T HeapQueryInformation<T>(HHEAP HeapHandle, HEAP_INFORMATION_CLASS HeapInformationClass) where T : unmanaged
		{
			if (!CorrespondingTypeAttribute.CanGet(HeapInformationClass, typeof(T))) throw new InvalidOperationException("Type mismatch");
			var mem = new SafeHeapBlock(HeapHandle, Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(T)));
			if (!HeapQueryInformation(HeapHandle, HeapInformationClass, (IntPtr)mem, mem.Size, out var retLen))
				Win32Error.ThrowLastError();
			return mem.ToStructure<T>();
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Reallocates a block of memory from a heap. This function enables you to resize a memory block and change other memory block
		/// properties. The allocated memory is not movable.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="hHeap">
		/// A handle to the heap from which the memory is to be reallocated. This handle is a returned by either the <c>HeapCreate</c> or
		/// <c>GetProcessHeap</c> function.
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="dwFlags">
		/// <para>
		/// The heap reallocation options. Specifying a value overrides the corresponding value specified in the flOptions parameter when the
		/// heap was created by using the <c>HeapCreate</c> function. This parameter can be one or more of the following values.
		/// </para>
		/// <para>
		/// <list type="table">
		/// <listheader>
		/// <term>Value</term>
		/// <term>Meaning</term>
		/// </listheader>
		/// <item>
		/// <term>HEAP_GENERATE_EXCEPTIONS0x00000004</term>
		/// <term>
		/// The operating-system raises an exception to indicate a function failure, such as an out-of-memory condition, instead of returning
		/// NULL.To ensure that exceptions are generated for all calls to this function, specify HEAP_GENERATE_EXCEPTIONS in the call to
		/// HeapCreate. In this case, it is not necessary to additionally specify HEAP_GENERATE_EXCEPTIONS in this function call.
		/// </term>
		/// </item>
		/// <item>
		/// <term>HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE0x00000001</term>
		/// <term>
		/// Serialized access will not be used. For more information, see Remarks.To ensure that serialized access is disabled for all calls
		/// to this function, specify HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE in the call to HeapCreate. In this case, it is not necessary to additionally specify
		/// HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE in this function call.This value should not be specified when accessing the process heap. The system may create
		/// additional threads within the application's process, such as a CTRL+C handler, that simultaneously access the process heap.
		/// </term>
		/// </item>
		/// <item>
		/// <term>HEAP_REALLOC_IN_PLACE_ONLY0x00000010</term>
		/// <term>
		/// There can be no movement when reallocating a memory block. If this value is not specified, the function may move the block to a
		/// new location. If this value is specified and the block cannot be resized without moving, the function fails, leaving the original
		/// memory block unchanged.
		/// </term>
		/// </item>
		/// <item>
		/// <term>HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY0x00000008</term>
		/// <term>
		/// If the reallocation request is for a larger size, the additional region of memory beyond the original size be initialized to
		/// zero. The contents of the memory block up to its original size are unaffected.
		/// </term>
		/// </item>
		/// </list>
		/// </para>
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="lpMem">
		/// A pointer to the block of memory that the function reallocates. This pointer is returned by an earlier call to the
		/// <c>HeapAlloc</c> or <c>HeapReAlloc</c> function.
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="dwBytes">
		/// <para>The new size of the memory block, in bytes. A memory block's size can be increased or decreased by using this function.</para>
		/// <para>
		/// If the heap specified by the hHeap parameter is a "non-growable" heap, dwBytes must be less than 0x7FFF8. You create a
		/// non-growable heap by calling the <c>HeapCreate</c> function with a nonzero value.
		/// </para>
		/// </param>
		/// <returns>
		/// <para>If the function succeeds, the return value is a pointer to the reallocated memory block.</para>
		/// <para>If the function fails and you have not specified <c>HEAP_GENERATE_EXCEPTIONS</c>, the return value is <c>NULL</c>.</para>
		/// <para>
		/// If the function fails and you have specified <c>HEAP_GENERATE_EXCEPTIONS</c>, the function may generate either of the exceptions
		/// listed in the following table. For more information, see <c>GetExceptionCode</c>.
		/// </para>
		/// <para>
		/// <list type="table">
		/// <listheader>
		/// <term>Exception code</term>
		/// <term>Description</term>
		/// </listheader>
		/// <item>
		/// <term>STATUS_NO_MEMORY</term>
		/// <term>The allocation attempt failed because of a lack of available memory or heap corruption.</term>
		/// </item>
		/// <item>
		/// <term>STATUS_ACCESS_VIOLATION</term>
		/// <term>The allocation attempt failed because of heap corruption or improper function parameters.</term>
		/// </item>
		/// </list>
		/// </para>
		/// <para>
		/// If the function fails, it does not call <c>SetLastError</c>. An application cannot call <c>GetLastError</c> for extended error information.
		/// </para>
		/// </returns>
		// LPVOID WINAPI HeapReAlloc( _In_ HANDLE hHeap, _In_ DWORD dwFlags, _In_ LPVOID lpMem, _In_ SIZE_T dwBytes);// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa366704(v=vs.85).aspx
		[DllImport(Lib.Kernel32, SetLastError = true, ExactSpelling = true)]
		[PInvokeData("HeapApi.h", MSDNShortId = "aa366704")]
		public static extern IntPtr HeapReAlloc(HHEAP hHeap, HeapFlags dwFlags, IntPtr lpMem, SizeT dwBytes);

		/// <summary>Enables features for a specified heap.</summary>
		/// <param name="HeapHandle">
		/// A handle to the heap where information is to be set. This handle is returned by either the <c>HeapCreate</c> or
		/// <c>GetProcessHeap</c> function.
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="HeapInformationClass">
		/// <para>
		/// The class of information to be set. This parameter can be one of the following values from the <c>HEAP_INFORMATION_CLASS</c>
		/// enumeration type.
		/// </para>
		/// <para>
		/// <list type="table">
		/// <listheader>
		/// <term>Value</term>
		/// <term>Meaning</term>
		/// </listheader>
		/// <item>
		/// <term>HeapCompatibilityInformation0</term>
		/// <term>
		/// Enables heap features. Only the low-fragmentation heap (LFH) is supported. However, it is not necessary for applications to
		/// enable the LFH because the system uses the LFH as needed to service memory allocation requests. Windows XP and Windows Server
		/// 2003: The LFH is not enabled by default. To enable the LFH for the specified heap, set the variable pointed to by the
		/// HeapInformation parameter to 2. After the LFH is enabled for a heap, it cannot be disabled.The LFH cannot be enabled for heaps
		/// created with HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE or for heaps created with a fixed size. The LFH also cannot be enabled if you are using the heap
		/// debugging tools in Debugging Tools for Windows or Microsoft Application Verifier.When a process is run under any debugger,
		/// certain heap debug options are automatically enabled for all heaps in the process. These heap debug options prevent the use of
		/// the LFH. To enable the low-fragmentation heap when running under a debugger, set the _NO_DEBUG_HEAP environment variable to 1.
		/// </term>
		/// </item>
		/// <item>
		/// <term>HeapEnableTerminationOnCorruption1</term>
		/// <term>
		/// Enables the terminate-on-corruption feature. If the heap manager detects an error in any heap used by the process, it calls the
		/// Windows Error Reporting service and terminates the process.After a process enables this feature, it cannot be disabled.Windows
		/// Server 2003 and Windows XP: This value is not supported until Windows Vista and Windows XP with SP3. The function succeeds but
		/// the HeapEnableTerminationOnCorruption value is ignored.
		/// </term>
		/// </item>
		/// <item>
		/// <term>HeapOptimizeResources3</term>
		/// <term>
		/// If HeapSetInformation is called with HeapHandle set to NULL, then all heaps in the process with a low-fragmentation heap (LFH)
		/// will have their caches optimized, and the memory will be decommitted if possible. If a heap pointer is supplied in HeapHandle,
		/// then only that heap will be optimized.Note that the HEAP_OPTIMIZE_RESOURCES_INFORMATION structure passed in HeapInformation must
		/// be properly initialized.Note This value was added in Windows 8.1.
		/// </term>
		/// </item>
		/// </list>
		/// </para>
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="HeapInformation">
		/// <para>The heap information buffer. The format of this data depends on the value of the HeapInformationClass parameter.</para>
		/// <para>
		/// If the HeapInformationClass parameter is <c>HeapCompatibilityInformation</c>, the HeapInformation parameter is a pointer to a
		/// <c>ULONG</c> variable.
		/// </para>
		/// <para>
		/// If the HeapInformationClass parameter is <c>HeapEnableTerminationOnCorruption</c>, the HeapInformation parameter should be
		/// <c>NULL</c> and HeapInformationLength should be 0
		/// </para>
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="HeapInformationLength">The size of the HeapInformation buffer, in bytes.</param>
		/// <returns>
		/// <para>If the function succeeds, the return value is nonzero.</para>
		/// <para>If the function fails, the return value is 0 (zero). To get extended error information, call <c>GetLastError</c>.</para>
		/// </returns>
		// BOOL WINAPI HeapSetInformation( _In_opt_ HANDLE HeapHandle, _In_ HEAP_INFORMATION_CLASS HeapInformationClass, _In_ PVOID
		// HeapInformation, _In_ SIZE_T HeapInformationLength);// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa366705(v=vs.85).aspx
		[DllImport(Lib.Kernel32, SetLastError = true, ExactSpelling = true)]
		[PInvokeData("HeapApi.h", MSDNShortId = "aa366705")]
		[return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
		public static extern bool HeapSetInformation([In] HHEAP HeapHandle, HEAP_INFORMATION_CLASS HeapInformationClass, [In] IntPtr HeapInformation, uint HeapInformationLength);

		/// <summary>Enables features for a specified heap.</summary>
		/// <param name="HeapHandle">
		/// A handle to the heap where information is to be set. This handle is returned by either the <c>HeapCreate</c> or
		/// <c>GetProcessHeap</c> function.
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="HeapInformationClass">
		/// <para>
		/// The class of information to be set. This parameter can be one of the following values from the <c>HEAP_INFORMATION_CLASS</c>
		/// enumeration type.
		/// </para>
		/// <para>
		/// <list type="table">
		/// <listheader>
		/// <term>Value</term>
		/// <term>Meaning</term>
		/// </listheader>
		/// <item>
		/// <term>HeapCompatibilityInformation0</term>
		/// <term>
		/// Enables heap features. Only the low-fragmentation heap (LFH) is supported. However, it is not necessary for applications to
		/// enable the LFH because the system uses the LFH as needed to service memory allocation requests. Windows XP and Windows Server
		/// 2003: The LFH is not enabled by default. To enable the LFH for the specified heap, set the variable pointed to by the
		/// HeapInformation parameter to 2. After the LFH is enabled for a heap, it cannot be disabled.The LFH cannot be enabled for heaps
		/// created with HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE or for heaps created with a fixed size. The LFH also cannot be enabled if you are using the heap
		/// debugging tools in Debugging Tools for Windows or Microsoft Application Verifier.When a process is run under any debugger,
		/// certain heap debug options are automatically enabled for all heaps in the process. These heap debug options prevent the use of
		/// the LFH. To enable the low-fragmentation heap when running under a debugger, set the _NO_DEBUG_HEAP environment variable to 1.
		/// </term>
		/// </item>
		/// <item>
		/// <term>HeapEnableTerminationOnCorruption1</term>
		/// <term>
		/// Enables the terminate-on-corruption feature. If the heap manager detects an error in any heap used by the process, it calls the
		/// Windows Error Reporting service and terminates the process.After a process enables this feature, it cannot be disabled.Windows
		/// Server 2003 and Windows XP: This value is not supported until Windows Vista and Windows XP with SP3. The function succeeds but
		/// the HeapEnableTerminationOnCorruption value is ignored.
		/// </term>
		/// </item>
		/// <item>
		/// <term>HeapOptimizeResources3</term>
		/// <term>
		/// If HeapSetInformation is called with HeapHandle set to NULL, then all heaps in the process with a low-fragmentation heap (LFH)
		/// will have their caches optimized, and the memory will be decommitted if possible. If a heap pointer is supplied in HeapHandle,
		/// then only that heap will be optimized.Note that the HEAP_OPTIMIZE_RESOURCES_INFORMATION structure passed in HeapInformation must
		/// be properly initialized.Note This value was added in Windows 8.1.
		/// </term>
		/// </item>
		/// </list>
		/// </para>
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="HeapInformation">
		/// <para>The heap information buffer. The format of this data depends on the value of the HeapInformationClass parameter.</para>
		/// <para>
		/// If the HeapInformationClass parameter is <c>HeapCompatibilityInformation</c>, the HeapInformation parameter is a pointer to a
		/// <c>ULONG</c> variable.
		/// </para>
		/// <para>
		/// If the HeapInformationClass parameter is <c>HeapEnableTerminationOnCorruption</c>, the HeapInformation parameter should be
		/// <c>NULL</c> and HeapInformationLength should be 0
		/// </para>
		/// </param>
		public static void HeapSetInformation<T>([In] HHEAP HeapHandle, HEAP_INFORMATION_CLASS HeapInformationClass, [In] T HeapInformation) where T : unmanaged
		{
			if (!CorrespondingTypeAttribute.CanSet(HeapInformationClass, typeof(T))) throw new InvalidOperationException("Type mismatch");
			using (var mem = SafeHGlobalHandle.CreateFromStructure<T>())
				if (!HeapSetInformation(HeapHandle, HeapInformationClass, (IntPtr)mem, (uint)mem.Size))
					Win32Error.ThrowLastError();
		}

		/// <summary>Retrieves the size of a memory block allocated from a heap by the HeapAlloc or HeapReAlloc function.</summary>
		/// <param name="hHeap">
		/// A handle to the heap in which the memory block resides. This handle is returned by either the HeapCreate or GetProcessHeap function.
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="dwFlags">
		/// The heap size options. Specifying the following value overrides the corresponding value specified in the flOptions parameter when
		/// the heap was created by using the HeapCreate function.
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="lpMem">
		/// A pointer to the memory block whose size the function will obtain. This is a pointer returned by the HeapAlloc or HeapReAlloc
		/// function. The memory block must be from the heap specified by the hHeap parameter.
		/// </param>
		/// <returns>
		/// If the function succeeds, the return value is the requested size of the allocated memory block, in bytes.
		/// <para>
		/// If the function fails, the return value is (SIZE_T)-1. The function does not call SetLastError. An application cannot call
		/// GetLastError for extended error information.
		/// </para>
		/// <para>
		/// If the lpMem parameter refers to a heap allocation that is not in the heap specified by the hHeap parameter, the behavior of the
		/// HeapSize function is undefined.
		/// </para>
		/// </returns>
		[PInvokeData("HeapApi.h", MSDNShortId = "aa366706")]
		[DllImport(Lib.Kernel32, ExactSpelling = true, SetLastError = true)]
		[return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.SysInt)]
		public static extern SizeT HeapSize(HHEAP hHeap, HeapFlags dwFlags, IntPtr lpMem);

		[DllImport(Lib.Kernel32, SetLastError = true, ExactSpelling = true)]
		[PInvokeData("HeapApi.h", MSDNShortId = "")]
		[return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
		public static extern bool HeapSummary([In] HHEAP hHeap, HeapFlags dwFlags, out HEAP_SUMMARY lpSummary);

		/// <summary>
		/// Releases ownership of the critical section object, or lock, that is associated with a specified heap. It reverses the action of
		/// the <c>HeapLock</c> function.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="hHeap">
		/// A handle to the heap to be unlocked. This handle is returned by either the <c>HeapCreate</c> or <c>GetProcessHeap</c> function.
		/// </param>
		/// <returns>
		/// <para>If the function succeeds, the return value is nonzero.</para>
		/// <para>If the function fails, the return value is zero. To get extended error information, call <c>GetLastError</c>.</para>
		/// </returns>
		// BOOL WINAPI HeapUnlock( _In_ HANDLE hHeap);// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa366707(v=vs.85).aspx
		[DllImport(Lib.Kernel32, SetLastError = true, ExactSpelling = true)]
		[PInvokeData("HeapApi.h", MSDNShortId = "aa366707")]
		[return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
		public static extern bool HeapUnlock([In] HHEAP hHeap);

		/// <summary>
		/// Validates the specified heap. The function scans all the memory blocks in the heap and verifies that the heap control structures
		/// maintained by the heap manager are in a consistent state. You can also use the <c>HeapValidate</c> function to validate a single
		/// memory block within a specified heap without checking the validity of the entire heap.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="hHeap">
		/// A handle to the heap to be validated. This handle is returned by either the <c>HeapCreate</c> or <c>GetProcessHeap</c> function.
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="dwFlags">
		/// <para>The heap access options. This parameter can be the following value.</para>
		/// <para>
		/// <list type="table">
		/// <listheader>
		/// <term>Value</term>
		/// <term>Meaning</term>
		/// </listheader>
		/// <item>
		/// <term>HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE0x00000001</term>
		/// <term>
		/// Serialized access will not be used. For more information, see Remarks.To ensure that serialized access is disabled for all calls
		/// to this function, specify HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE in the call to HeapCreate. In this case, it is not necessary to additionally specify
		/// HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE in this function call.This value should not be specified when accessing the process default heap. The system
		/// may create additional threads within the application's process, such as a CTRL+C handler, that simultaneously access the
		/// process default heap.
		/// </term>
		/// </item>
		/// </list>
		/// </para>
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="lpMem">
		/// <para>A pointer to a memory block within the specified heap. This parameter may be <c>NULL</c>.</para>
		/// <para>If this parameter is <c>NULL</c>, the function attempts to validate the entire heap specified by hHeap.</para>
		/// <para>
		/// If this parameter is not <c>NULL</c>, the function attempts to validate the memory block pointed to by lpMem. It does not attempt
		/// to validate the rest of the heap.
		/// </para>
		/// </param>
		/// <returns>
		/// <para>If the specified heap or memory block is valid, the return value is nonzero.</para>
		/// <para>
		/// If the specified heap or memory block is invalid, the return value is zero. On a system set up for debugging, the
		/// <c>HeapValidate</c> function then displays debugging messages that describe the part of the heap or memory block that is invalid,
		/// and stops at a hard-coded breakpoint so that you can examine the system to determine the source of the invalidity. The
		/// <c>HeapValidate</c> function does not set the thread's last error value. There is no extended error information for this
		/// function; do not call <c>GetLastError</c>.
		/// </para>
		/// </returns>
		// BOOL WINAPI HeapValidate( _In_ HANDLE hHeap, _In_ DWORD dwFlags, _In_opt_ LPCVOID lpMem);// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa366708(v=vs.85).aspx
		[DllImport(Lib.Kernel32, SetLastError = true, ExactSpelling = true)]
		[PInvokeData("HeapApi.h", MSDNShortId = "aa366708")]
		[return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
		public static extern bool HeapValidate([In] HHEAP hHeap, HeapFlags dwFlags, [In] IntPtr lpMem);

		/// <summary>Enumerates the memory blocks in the specified heap.</summary>
		/// <param name="hHeap">
		/// A handle to the heap. This handle is returned by either the <c>HeapCreate</c> or <c>GetProcessHeap</c> function.
		/// </param>
		/// <param name="lpEntry">
		/// <para>A pointer to a <c>PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY</c> structure that maintains state information for a particular heap enumeration.</para>
		/// <para>
		/// If the <c>HeapWalk</c> function succeeds, returning the value <c>TRUE</c>, this structure's members contain information about the
		/// next memory block in the heap.
		/// </para>
		/// <para>
		/// To initiate a heap enumeration, set the <c>lpData</c> field of the <c>PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY</c> structure to <c>NULL</c>. To
		/// continue a particular heap enumeration, call the <c>HeapWalk</c> function repeatedly, with no changes to hHeap, lpEntry, or any
		/// of the members of the <c>PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY</c> structure.
		/// </para>
		/// </param>
		/// <returns>
		/// <para>If the function succeeds, the return value is nonzero.</para>
		/// <para>If the function fails, the return value is zero. To get extended error information, call <c>GetLastError</c>.</para>
		/// <para>
		/// If the heap enumeration terminates successfully by reaching the end of the heap, the function returns <c>FALSE</c>, and
		/// <c>GetLastError</c> returns the error code <c>ERROR_NO_MORE_ITEMS</c>.
		/// </para>
		/// </returns>
		// BOOL WINAPI HeapWalk( _In_ HANDLE hHeap, _Inout_ LPPROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY lpEntry);// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa366710(v=vs.85).aspx
		[DllImport(Lib.Kernel32, SetLastError = true, ExactSpelling = true)]
		[PInvokeData("HeapApi.h", MSDNShortId = "aa366710")]
		[return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
		public static extern bool HeapWalk([In] HHEAP hHeap, ref PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY lpEntry);

		/// <summary>Specifies flags for a HeapOptimizeResources operation initiated with HeapSetInformation.</summary>
		[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
		public struct HEAP_OPTIMIZE_RESOURCES_INFORMATION
		{
			/// <summary>The version</summary>
			public uint Version;

			/// <summary>Undocumented.</summary>
			public uint Flags;
		}

		[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
		public struct HEAP_SUMMARY
		{
			public uint cb;
			public SizeT cbAllocated;
			public SizeT cbCommitted;
			public SizeT cbReserved;
			public SizeT cbMaxReserve;
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Contains information about a heap element. The <c>HeapWalk</c> function uses a <c>PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY</c> structure to enumerate
		/// the elements of a heap.
		/// </summary>
		// typedef struct _PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY { PVOID lpData; DWORD cbData; BYTE cbOverhead; BYTE iRegionIndex; WORD wFlags; union { struct {
		// HANDLE hMem; DWORD dwReserved[3]; } Block; struct { DWORD dwCommittedSize; DWORD dwUnCommittedSize; LPVOID lpFirstBlock; LPVOID
		// lpLastBlock; } Region; };} PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY, *LPPROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY; https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa366798(v=vs.85).aspx
		[PInvokeData("WinBase.h", MSDNShortId = "aa366798")]
		[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
		public struct PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY
		{
			/// <summary>
			/// <para>A pointer to the data portion of the heap element.</para>
			/// <para>To initiate a <c>HeapWalk</c> heap enumeration, set <c>lpData</c> to <c>NULL</c>.</para>
			/// <para>
			/// If <c>PROCESS_HEAP_REGION</c> is used in the <c>wFlags</c> member, <c>lpData</c> points to the first virtual address used by
			/// the region.
			/// </para>
			/// <para>
			/// If <c>PROCESS_HEAP_UNCOMMITTED_RANGE</c> is used in <c>wFlags</c>, <c>lpData</c> points to the beginning of the range of
			/// uncommitted memory.
			/// </para>
			/// </summary>
			public IntPtr lpData;

			/// <summary>
			/// <para>The size of the data portion of the heap element, in bytes.</para>
			/// <para>
			/// If <c>PROCESS_HEAP_REGION</c> is used in <c>wFlags</c>, <c>cbData</c> specifies the total size, in bytes, of the address
			/// space that is reserved for this region.
			/// </para>
			/// <para>
			/// If <c>PROCESS_HEAP_UNCOMMITTED_RANGE</c> is used in <c>wFlags</c>, <c>cbData</c> specifies the size, in bytes, of the range
			/// of uncommitted memory.
			/// </para>
			/// </summary>
			public uint cbData;

			/// <summary>
			/// <para>
			/// The size of the data used by the system to maintain information about the heap element, in bytes. These overhead bytes are in
			/// addition to the <c>cbData</c> bytes of the data portion of the heap element.
			/// </para>
			/// <para>
			/// If <c>PROCESS_HEAP_REGION</c> is used in <c>wFlags</c>, <c>cbOverhead</c> specifies the size, in bytes, of the heap control
			/// structures that describe the region.
			/// </para>
			/// <para>
			/// If <c>PROCESS_HEAP_UNCOMMITTED_RANGE</c> is used in <c>wFlags</c>, <c>cbOverhead</c> specifies the size, in bytes, of the
			/// control structures that describe this uncommitted range.
			/// </para>
			/// </summary>
			public byte cbOverhead;

			/// <summary>
			/// <para>
			/// A handle to the heap region that contains the heap element. A heap consists of one or more regions of virtual memory, each
			/// with a unique region index.
			/// </para>
			/// <para>
			/// In the first heap entry returned for most heap regions, <c>HeapWalk</c> uses the <c>PROCESS_HEAP_REGION</c> in the
			/// <c>wFlags</c> member. When this value is used, the members of the <c>Region</c> structure contain additional information
			/// about the region.
			/// </para>
			/// <para>
			/// The <c>HeapAlloc</c> function sometimes uses the <c>VirtualAlloc</c> function to allocate large blocks from a growable heap.
			/// The heap manager treats such a large block allocation as a separate region with a unique region index. <c>HeapWalk</c> does
			/// not use <c>PROCESS_HEAP_REGION</c> in the heap entry returned for a large block region, so the members of the <c>Region</c>
			/// structure are not valid. You can use the <c>VirtualQuery</c> function to get additional information about a large block region.
			/// </para>
			/// </summary>
			public byte iRegionIndex;

			/// <summary>
			/// <para>
			/// The properties of the heap element. Some values affect the meaning of other members of this <c>PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY</c> data
			/// structure. The following values are defined.
			/// </para>
			/// <para>
			/// <list type="table">
			/// <listheader>
			/// <term>Value</term>
			/// <term>Meaning</term>
			/// </listheader>
			/// <item>
			/// <term>PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY_BUSY0x0004</term>
			/// <term>
			/// The heap element is an allocated block.If PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY_MOVEABLE is also specified, the Block structure becomes valid.
			/// The hMem member of the Block structure contains a handle to the allocated, moveable memory block.
			/// </term>
			/// </item>
			/// <item>
			/// <term>PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY_DDESHARE0x0020</term>
			/// <term>This value must be used with PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY_BUSY, indicating that the heap element is an allocated block.</term>
			/// </item>
			/// <item>
			/// <term>PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY_MOVEABLE0x0010</term>
			/// <term>
			/// This value must be used with PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY_BUSY, indicating that the heap element is an allocated block.The block was
			/// allocated with LMEM_MOVEABLE or GMEM_MOVEABLE, and the Block structure becomes valid. The hMem member of the Block structure
			/// contains a handle to the allocated, moveable memory block.
			/// </term>
			/// </item>
			/// <item>
			/// <term>PROCESS_HEAP_REGION0x0001</term>
			/// <term>
			/// The heap element is located at the beginning of a region of contiguous virtual memory in use by the heap.The lpData member of
			/// the structure points to the first virtual address used by the region; the cbData member specifies the total size, in bytes,
			/// of the address space that is reserved for this region; and the cbOverhead member specifies the size, in bytes, of the heap
			/// control structures that describe the region.The Region structure becomes valid. The dwCommittedSize, dwUnCommittedSize,
			/// lpFirstBlock, and lpLastBlock members of the structure contain additional information about the region.
			/// </term>
			/// </item>
			/// <item>
			/// <term>PROCESS_HEAP_UNCOMMITTED_RANGE0x0002</term>
			/// <term>
			/// The heap element is located in a range of uncommitted memory within the heap region.The lpData member points to the beginning
			/// of the range of uncommitted memory; the cbData member specifies the size, in bytes, of the range of uncommitted memory; and
			/// the cbOverhead member specifies the size, in bytes, of the control structures that describe this uncommitted range.
			/// </term>
			/// </item>
			/// </list>
			/// </para>
			/// </summary>
			public PROCESS_HEAP wFlags;

			/// <summary>A union</summary>
			public BLOCK_REGION_UNION union;

			/// <summary>Union of child structures.</summary>
			[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit)]
			public struct BLOCK_REGION_UNION
			{
				/// <summary>
				/// This structure is valid only if both the <c>PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY_BUSY</c> and <c>PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY_MOVEABLE</c> are
				/// specified in <c>wFlags</c>.
				/// </summary>
				[FieldOffset(0)]
				public BLOCK_DATA Block;

				/// <summary>This structure is valid only if the <c>wFlags</c> member specifies <c>PROCESS_HEAP_REGION</c>.</summary>
				[FieldOffset(0)]
				public REGION_DATA Region;

				/// <summary>
				/// This structure is valid only if both the <c>PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY_BUSY</c> and <c>PROCESS_HEAP_ENTRY_MOVEABLE</c> are
				/// specified in <c>wFlags</c>.
				/// </summary>
				[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
				public struct BLOCK_DATA
				{
					/// <summary>Handle to the allocated, moveable memory block.</summary>
					public IntPtr hMem;

					/// <summary>Reserved; not used.</summary>
					[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValArray, SizeConst = 3, ArraySubType = UnmanagedType.U4)]
					public uint[] dwReserved;
				}

				/// <summary>This structure is valid only if the <c>wFlags</c> member specifies <c>PROCESS_HEAP_REGION</c>.</summary>
				[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
				public struct REGION_DATA
				{
					/// <summary>
					/// Number of bytes in the heap region that are currently committed as free memory blocks, busy memory blocks, or heap
					/// control structures. This is an optional field that is set to zero if the number of committed bytes is not available.
					/// </summary>
					public uint dwCommittedSize;

					/// <summary>
					/// Number of bytes in the heap region that are currently uncommitted. This is an optional field that is set to zero if
					/// the number of uncommitted bytes is not available.
					/// </summary>
					public uint dwUnCommittedSize;

					/// <summary>Pointer to the first valid memory block in this heap region.</summary>
					public IntPtr lpFirstBlock;

					/// <summary>Pointer to the first invalid memory block in this heap region.</summary>
					public IntPtr lpLastBlock;
				}
			}
		}

		/// <summary>Unmanaged memory methods for a heap.</summary>
		/// <seealso cref="IMemoryMethods"/>
		public sealed class HeapMemoryMethods : IMemoryMethods
		{
			/// <summary>Gets the allocation method.</summary>
			public Func<int, IntPtr> AllocMem => i => { var o = HeapAllocInternal(HeapHandle, HeapFlags.HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY, i); return o != IntPtr.Zero ? o : throw Win32Error.GetLastError().GetException(); };

			/// <summary>Gets the Ansi <see cref="SecureString"/> allocation method.</summary>
			public Func<SecureString, IntPtr> AllocSecureStringAnsi => s => StringHelper.AllocSecureString(s, CharSet.Ansi, AllocMem);

			/// <summary>Gets the Unicode <see cref="SecureString"/> allocation method.</summary>
			public Func<SecureString, IntPtr> AllocSecureStringUni => s => StringHelper.AllocSecureString(s, CharSet.Unicode, AllocMem);

			/// <summary>Gets the Ansi string allocation method.</summary>
			public Func<string, IntPtr> AllocStringAnsi => s => StringHelper.AllocString(s, CharSet.Ansi, AllocMem);

			/// <summary>Gets the Unicode string allocation method.</summary>
			public Func<string, IntPtr> AllocStringUni => s => StringHelper.AllocString(s, CharSet.Unicode, AllocMem);

			/// <summary>Gets the free method.</summary>
			public Action<IntPtr> FreeMem => p => HeapFree(HeapHandle, 0, p);

			/// <summary>Gets the Ansi <see cref="SecureString"/> free method.</summary>
			public Action<IntPtr> FreeSecureStringAnsi => p => StringHelper.FreeSecureString(p, GetSize(p), FreeMem);

			/// <summary>Gets the Unicode <see cref="SecureString"/> free method.</summary>
			public Action<IntPtr> FreeSecureStringUni => p => StringHelper.FreeSecureString(p, GetSize(p), FreeMem);

			/// <summary>Gets the reallocation method.</summary>
			public Func<IntPtr, int, IntPtr> ReAllocMem => (p, i) => { var o = HeapReAlloc(HeapHandle, HeapFlags.HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY, p, i); return o != IntPtr.Zero ? o : throw Win32Error.GetLastError().GetException(); };

			internal HHEAP HeapHandle { get; set; } = GetProcessHeap();

			private int GetSize(IntPtr ptr) => (int)HeapSize(HeapHandle, 0, ptr).Value;

			/// <summary>Gets a static instance of this class.</summary>
			/// <value>The instance.</value>
			public static IMemoryMethods Instance { get; } = new HeapMemoryMethods();
		}

		/// <summary>Provides a handle to a heap.</summary>
		[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
		public struct HHEAP : IHandle
		{
			private IntPtr handle;

			/// <summary>Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="HHEAP"/> struct.</summary>
			/// <param name="preexistingHandle">An <see cref="IntPtr"/> object that represents the pre-existing handle to use.</param>
			public HHEAP(IntPtr preexistingHandle) => handle = preexistingHandle;

			/// <summary>Returns an invalid handle by instantiating a <see cref="HHEAP"/> object with <see cref="IntPtr.Zero"/>.</summary>
			public static HHEAP NULL => new HHEAP(IntPtr.Zero);

			/// <summary>Gets a value indicating whether this instance is a null handle.</summary>
			public bool IsNull => handle == IntPtr.Zero;

			/// <summary>Performs an explicit conversion from <see cref="HHEAP"/> to <see cref="IntPtr"/>.</summary>
			/// <param name="h">The handle.</param>
			/// <returns>The result of the conversion.</returns>
			public static explicit operator IntPtr(HHEAP h) => h.handle;

			/// <summary>Performs an implicit conversion from <see cref="IntPtr"/> to <see cref="HHEAP"/>.</summary>
			/// <param name="h">The pointer to a handle.</param>
			/// <returns>The result of the conversion.</returns>
			public static implicit operator HHEAP(IntPtr h) => new HHEAP(h);

			/// <summary>Implements the operator !=.</summary>
			/// <param name="h1">The first handle.</param>
			/// <param name="h2">The second handle.</param>
			/// <returns>The result of the operator.</returns>
			public static bool operator !=(HHEAP h1, HHEAP h2) => !(h1 == h2);

			/// <summary>Implements the operator ==.</summary>
			/// <param name="h1">The first handle.</param>
			/// <param name="h2">The second handle.</param>
			/// <returns>The result of the operator.</returns>
			public static bool operator ==(HHEAP h1, HHEAP h2) => h1.Equals(h2);

			/// <inheritdoc/>
			public override bool Equals(object obj) => obj is HHEAP h ? handle == h.handle : false;

			/// <inheritdoc/>
			public override int GetHashCode() => handle.GetHashCode();

			/// <inheritdoc/>
			public IntPtr DangerousGetHandle() => handle;

			/// <summary>Gets a block of memory from this private heap.</summary>
			/// <param name="size">The size of the block.</param>
			/// <returns>A safe handle for the memory that will call HeapFree on disposal.</returns>
			public SafeHeapBlock GetBlock(int size) => new SafeHeapBlock(this, size);
		}

		/// <summary>Safe handle for memory heaps.</summary>
		/// <seealso cref="Vanara.InteropServices.GenericSafeHandle"/>
		public class SafeHeapBlock : SafeMemoryHandleExt<HeapMemoryMethods>
		{
			private SafeHHEAP safeHHeap;

			/// <summary>Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SafeHeapBlock"/> class.</summary>
			/// <param name="ptr">The handle created by <see cref="HeapAlloc"/>.</param>
			/// <param name="ownsHandle">if set to <c>true</c> this safe handle disposes the handle when done.</param>
			/// <param name="size">The size, in bytes, of the allocated heap memory, if known.</param>
			public SafeHeapBlock(IntPtr ptr, int size, bool ownsHandle = true) : base(ptr, size, ownsHandle)
			{
			}

			/// <summary>Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SafeHeapBlock"/> class.</summary>
			/// <param name="hHeap">A handle to a heap created using <see cref="HeapCreate"/> or <see cref="GetProcessHeap"/>.</param>
			/// <param name="ptr">The handle created by <see cref="HeapAlloc"/>.</param>
			/// <param name="ownsHandle">if set to <c>true</c> this safe handle disposes the handle when done.</param>
			/// <param name="size">The size, in bytes, of the allocated heap memory, if known.</param>
			public SafeHeapBlock(HHEAP hHeap, IntPtr ptr, int size, bool ownsHandle = true) : base(ptr, size, ownsHandle)
			{
				if (hHeap.IsNull) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(hHeap));
				mm.HeapHandle = hHeap;
			}

			/// <summary>Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SafeHeapBlock"/> class.</summary>
			/// <param name="hHeap">A handle to a heap created using <see cref="HeapCreate"/> or <see cref="GetProcessHeap"/>.</param>
			/// <param name="ptr">The handle created by <see cref="HeapAlloc"/>.</param>
			/// <param name="ownsHandle">if set to <c>true</c> this safe handle disposes the handle when done.</param>
			/// <param name="size">The size, in bytes, of the allocated heap memory, if known.</param>
			public SafeHeapBlock(SafeHHEAP hHeap, IntPtr ptr, int size, bool ownsHandle = true) : base(ptr, size, ownsHandle)
			{
				if (hHeap is null || hHeap.IsInvalid) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(hHeap));
				mm.HeapHandle = safeHHeap = hHeap;
			}

			/// <summary>Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SafeMemoryHandle{T}"/> class.</summary>
			/// <param name="size">The size of memory to allocate, in bytes.</param>
			/// <exception cref="System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException">size - The value of this argument must be non-negative</exception>
			public SafeHeapBlock(int size) : base(size)
			{
			}

			/// <summary>Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SafeMemoryHandle{T}"/> class.</summary>
			/// <param name="hHeap">A handle to a heap created using <see cref="HeapCreate"/> or <see cref="GetProcessHeap"/>.</param>
			/// <param name="size">The size of memory to allocate, in bytes.</param>
			/// <exception cref="System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException">size - The value of this argument must be non-negative</exception>
			public SafeHeapBlock(HHEAP hHeap, int size = 0) : this(hHeap, IntPtr.Zero, 0)
			{
				if (size < 0)
					throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(size), "The value of this argument must be non-negative");
				if (size == 0) return;
				RuntimeHelpers.PrepareConstrainedRegions();
				SetHandle(mm.AllocMem(sz = size));
			}

			/// <summary>
			/// Allocates from unmanaged memory to represent an array of pointers and marshals the unmanaged pointers (IntPtr) to the native
			/// array equivalent.
			/// </summary>
			/// <param name="bytes">Array of unmanaged pointers</param>
			/// <returns>SafeHGlobalHandle object to an native (unmanaged) array of pointers</returns>
			public SafeHeapBlock(byte[] bytes) : base(bytes) { }

			/// <summary>
			/// Allocates from unmanaged memory to represent an array of pointers and marshals the unmanaged pointers (IntPtr) to the native
			/// array equivalent.
			/// </summary>
			/// <param name="hHeap">A handle to a heap created using <see cref="HeapCreate"/> or <see cref="GetProcessHeap"/>.</param>
			/// <param name="bytes">Array of unmanaged pointers</param>
			/// <returns>SafeHGlobalHandle object to an native (unmanaged) array of pointers</returns>
			public SafeHeapBlock(HHEAP hHeap, byte[] bytes) : this(hHeap, bytes.Length) => Marshal.Copy(bytes, 0, handle, bytes.Length);

			/// <summary>Releases unmanaged and - optionally - managed resources.</summary>
			/// <param name="disposing">
			/// <c>true</c> to release both managed and unmanaged resources; <c>false</c> to release only unmanaged resources.
			/// </param>
			protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
			{
				safeHHeap = null;
				base.Dispose(disposing);
			}

			/// <summary>Represents a NULL memory pointer.</summary>
			public static SafeHeapBlock Null => new SafeHeapBlock(IntPtr.Zero, 0, false);

			/// <summary>Converts an <see cref="IntPtr"/> to a <see cref="SafeHeapBlock"/> where it owns the reference.</summary>
			/// <param name="ptr">The <see cref="IntPtr"/>.</param>
			/// <returns>The result of the conversion.</returns>
			public static implicit operator SafeHeapBlock(IntPtr ptr) => new SafeHeapBlock(ptr, 0, true);

			/// <summary>Allocates from unmanaged memory sufficient memory to hold an object of type T.</summary>
			/// <typeparam name="T">Native type</typeparam>
			/// <param name="value">The value.</param>
			/// <returns><see cref="SafeHeapBlock"/> object to an native (unmanaged) memory block the size of T.</returns>
			public static SafeHeapBlock CreateFromStructure<T>(T value = default) => new SafeHeapBlock(InteropExtensions.StructureToPtr(value, new CoTaskMemoryMethods().AllocMem, out int s), s);

			/// <summary>
			/// Allocates from unmanaged memory to represent a structure with a variable length array at the end and marshal these structure elements. It is the
			/// callers responsibility to marshal what precedes the trailing array into the unmanaged memory. ONLY structures with attribute StructLayout of
			/// LayoutKind.Sequential are supported.
			/// </summary>
			/// <typeparam name="T">Type of the trailing array of structures</typeparam>
			/// <param name="values">Collection of structure objects</param>
			/// <param name="count">Number of items in <paramref name="values"/>. Setting this value to -1 will cause the method to get the count by iterating through <paramref name="values"/>.</param>
			/// <param name="prefixBytes">Number of bytes preceding the trailing array of structures</param>
			/// <returns><see cref="SafeHeapBlock"/> object to an native (unmanaged) structure with a trail array of structures</returns>
			public static SafeHeapBlock CreateFromList<T>(IEnumerable<T> values, int count = -1, int prefixBytes = 0) => new SafeHeapBlock(InteropExtensions.MarshalToPtr(values, new CoTaskMemoryMethods().AllocMem, out int s, prefixBytes), s);

			/// <summary>Allocates from unmanaged memory sufficient memory to hold an array of strings.</summary>
			/// <param name="values">The list of strings.</param>
			/// <param name="packing">The packing type for the strings.</param>
			/// <param name="charSet">The character set to use for the strings.</param>
			/// <param name="prefixBytes">Number of bytes preceding the trailing strings.</param>
			/// <returns><see cref="SafeHeapBlock"/> object to an native (unmanaged) array of strings stored using the <paramref name="packing"/> model and the character set defined by <paramref name="charSet"/>.</returns>
			public static SafeHeapBlock CreateFromStringList(IEnumerable<string> values, StringListPackMethod packing = StringListPackMethod.Concatenated, CharSet charSet = CharSet.Auto, int prefixBytes = 0) => new SafeHeapBlock(InteropExtensions.MarshalToPtr(values, packing, new CoTaskMemoryMethods().AllocMem, out int s, charSet, prefixBytes), s);
		}

		/// <summary>Provides a <see cref="SafeHandle"/> for <see cref="HHEAP"/> that is disposed using <see cref="HeapDestroy"/>.</summary>
		public class SafeHHEAP : SafeHANDLE
		{
			/// <summary>Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SafeHHEAP"/> class and assigns an existing handle.</summary>
			/// <param name="preexistingHandle">An <see cref="IntPtr"/> object that represents the pre-existing handle to use.</param>
			/// <param name="ownsHandle"><see langword="true"/> to reliably release the handle during the finalization phase; otherwise, <see langword="false"/> (not recommended).</param>
			public SafeHHEAP(IntPtr preexistingHandle, bool ownsHandle = true) : base(preexistingHandle, ownsHandle) { }

			/// <summary>Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SafeHHEAP"/> class.</summary>
			private SafeHHEAP() : base() { }

			/// <summary>Performs an implicit conversion from <see cref="SafeHHEAP"/> to <see cref="HHEAP"/>.</summary>
			/// <param name="h">The safe handle instance.</param>
			/// <returns>The result of the conversion.</returns>
			public static implicit operator HHEAP(SafeHHEAP h) => h.handle;

			/// <summary>Gets a block of memory from this private heap.</summary>
			/// <param name="size">The size of the block.</param>
			/// <returns>A safe handle for the memory that will call HeapFree on disposal.</returns>
			public SafeHeapBlock GetBlock(int size) => new SafeHeapBlock(this, size);

			/// <inheritdoc/>
			protected override bool InternalReleaseHandle() => HeapDestroy(this);
		}
	}
}